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The presence of large amounts of tetrads or Cyanobacteria in a wastewater treatment system can indicate a severe nutrient deficiency, typically nitrogen. "Tetrads" most often are a type of cyanobacteria when found present in high levels in wastewater. Identification: Tetrads are large cells grouped in clusters or groupings of four. Cyanobacteria or Blue-Green Algae Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic procaryotes. Cyanobacteria are the largest and most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria Cyanobacteria differ from other photosynthetic procaryotes in that they carry out oxygenic photosynthesis with water as the electron donor for photosynthesis. They are true procaryotes and represent a very diverse group in terms of morphologies. Some form cells that are specialized for nitrogen fixation (heterocysts) or resting cells (akinetes). They grow in nearly all environments where phosphorous supplies are sufficient to support growth. Cyanobacteria may assimilate simple organic compounds while using carbon dioxide as the major carbon source. They usually cannot grow in the dark. Many species
can use atmospheric nitrogen as sole nitrogen source, i.e. they can fix nitrogen
when there is not enough in the water. This is why they are usually found in
papermill lagoons when N is limited, yet there is plenty of BOD or food to be
found. They are photolithoautotrophs but some can grow slowly in the
dark as Many filamentous cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric
nitrogen in special cells called They may produce water toxins during "blooms". They almost always cause high TSS and final effluent problems since they do not settle well. With a Neisser staining, they are almost always purple. They have typical procaryotic structures with a gram-negative cell wall. Similar Organisms: Tetrads can appear to be similar to yeast or algae if not examined under higher magnification. Environment: Tetrads and cyanobacteria are usually found in environments where there are low levels of nitrogen present. They are usually common in a lagoons and are often found in papermill wastewater lagoons. They can cause serious TSS problems if left alone. Usually increasing nitrogen levels in the influent often causes them to disappear quite quickly as opposed to adding high levels of polymer to try to drop them out. Cyanobacteria are tolerant of environmental extremes, thermophilic species can grow at temperatures up to 75 degrees C. Control: Low nutrient levels and high BOD are usually the cause of tetrads and cyanobacteria. Ammonia should be increased in the influent and usually with a little bit of time they disappear. Problems associated with Tetrads: Tetrads in wastewater systems are often a cause of high TSS. Permit violations quite often occur found when high levels are present.
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Tetrads
and Cyanobacteria in Wastewater
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