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Filamentous Identification

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Summer Wastewater Treatment Operational Problems

It’s summer again, and with the hot seasonal weather there sometimes can be wastewater treatment problems. The most common problems encountered during the summer months are too old a sludge age resulting in deteriorated sludge solids quality (increased solids/TSS in the final effluent), filamentous bulking caused by too low an F/M ratio (too old an SRT) and odor control problems.

The sludge age problem results from an increased reproduction by the bacteria. Biological activity significantly increases during warm weather. For every increase of 10° C in temperature, the reproductive rate of the bacteria increases by one logs growth. Therefore, to hold a desired food to microorganism ratio and sludge age, you need to increase the wasting rate in an activated sludge plant. F/M ratio, i.e.; the Food to Mass ratio is the number of bacteria in proportion to the amount of food or BOD to be degraded. MCRT, SRT, etc. - Mean Cell Retention Time or Sludge Retention Time is the amount of days the solids or biomass is held within the wastewater treatment plant, this included the aeration basins and the clarifier.

If you don’t make this seasonal adjustment, these are some of the things that can happen;

 The solids concentration in the system will grow faster than the food supply, causing the older bacteria (usually those on the inside of a floc) to starve to death and lyse;

Ashing may occur, this is when fine particles rise and spread over the surface of the clarifier (and of the settleometer) because the floc is over oxidized. The addition of Flocculants or coaggulants will help a little, but not to a satisfactory degree. Wasting is usually the best measure.

Gassing can occur, causing sludge particles to float and again go over the weirs contributing to TSS problems and bed settleability. This is due to holding the solids too long in the clarifier and not enough free oxygen so denitrification or gassification occurs.

* The old sludge can cause physical mixing problems in the dewatering operation, resulting in pockets with pure polymer to exist and other pockets in the sludge with no polymer - and this assumes that you are using the correct/optimum chemistry and charge. The pockets of unmixed polymer can then "blind" a belt on a belt press, causing poor dewatering results. The cure is not a "better" polymer, the cure is to readjust the sludge age!

*Algae growth on the weirs can significantly increase and cause problems not only with clogging up the weirs, but with carryover into the final effluent. Algae can give a false higher BOD reading or cause TSS permit violations. Make sure to clean the weirs more often in the summer.

* In some areas of the country, algae blooms may attract predators of that particular species of algae, which can result in nuisance problems. Example, you may see a species of a microscopic crustacean develop in the secondary clarifier, which will look like "streaks of blood", or at least streaks of a reddish color in the water. This is not a treatment problem as such, but can get people upset if they don’t know what is causing it.

*Duckweed also can grow significantly on ponds in the summer time.

Duckweed is small, free floating green plants that form large blankets on the surface of large ponds. Duckweed has some desirable properties for water purification.

 Duckweed treats waste by breaking it down and converting it into two components: biomass (duckweed leaves and roots) and treated water. Duckweed can be used as a final polishing on ponds, but final screening needs to be in place or the small plants can contribute to solids in the final effluent. See training sheet on Duckweed.

*Bristle worms can also be seen more readily in the summer months as the sludge age gets older. These are microscopic worms that can turn the foam on the aeration basin pink in color, or the secondary clarifier surface color pink due to the vast numbers of these worms that can develop. They are usually found in the presence of high nitrates and older, well developed sludge.

* If the MLSS concentration is allowed to get too high, more dissolved oxygen will be required in the aeration basins. This is a real cost item (electrical utilities driving the aerators, particularly in diffused aeration systems), in addition to making it difficult within some systems to maintain adequate D.O. for the bacteria. Electricity is usually the number one cost in a waste treatment plant followed by solids handling. Oxygen transfer it is more difficult to achieve in hot water than cold water. If your D.O. is hard to maintain, try reducing the MLSS concentration you are holding in the aeration basin (via increased RAS and/or by wasting). This is where keeping track of your solids balancing data is very valuable!

One last thought related to the above related to filamentous bulking versus just too high a mixed liquor concentration in the aeration basin. To assess sludge quality you can use a settleometer or graduated cylinder to measure the settling rate of the sludge. The results give you a good picture of what is happening in the secondary clarifier.

A desired settling rate in the settleometer should be;

* Within 5 minutes, a solids interface below 800 ml/L (80% of volume height), but still above 500 ml/L (50%). Also an SVI (the 30 minute settling volume divided by the grams of MLSS) somewhere in the 70 to 120 range (CPI’s and Refineries can range a little lower ~ 65, pulp mills a little higher ~ 140). If the SVI is above 250 (the 5 minute settling would be above 900 ml/L), you probably have filamentous bulking, zoogleal bulking (nutrient deficiency/too high or too old a sludge age) or else there are just too many solids in the aeration basin (too high MLSS).

To determine if the problem is filamentous, use a microscope to observe these thread like bacteria in the system. If only a few or no filaments exist, look for non-filamentous bulking caused by zooglea or polysaccharide bulking by doing an India ink stain under a microscope. If you do not have a microscope available, you can send in a sample to our lab for a Wastewater Biomass Analyses.

If there are no filamentous bacteria present or polysaccharide problem is not apparent, you can perform a diluted settlometer. Make 75% and 50% dilution samples at the same time you do a settling test at 100% MLSS, to see if the settling is much better in the diluted samples (compacts to less than 75% or 50% respectively of the level in the undiluted sample). If the settling is improved by dilution, you may just have a solids glut on your hands. In this case, reduce the MLSS concentration in the aeration basin by increasing the RAS rate and/or the wasting rate. Also, check the flux on the secondary clarifiers (solids loading per square foot surface area per day) to be certain that the clarifier isn’t just under or over loaded versus it’s design. Generally a flux of 15 to 25#/ft²/day is the design rate with CPI’s sometimes running better at 10 to 12#/ft2/day, and pulp mills running better in a 20 to 35#/ft²/day range. Too high/too low a flux will require polymer usage.

If the situation is a filamentous bulking problem, you usually apply chlorine to the system to kill the filaments and to speed up recovery. You must make a process change though according to the type of filament present. If you just chlorinate and kill the filaments and do not make any process changes, eventually, the filaments will come back. We also recommend coupling this action with bioaugmentation to maintain performance integrity in the system while you kill some of the indigenous biomass. Bioaugmentation helps compete with the filaments also and help speed up the recovery process.

Typical SSV30 with Filamentous Bulking

Typical SSV30 after treatment of Filamentous Bulking for 3 days with Sodium Hypochlorite (bleach)

Filamentous Bacteria Control-Sodium hypochlorite (10 to 15%) is often used for this purpose as opposed to chlorine gas, as the hypo is much safer to handle. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) will provide results comparable to chlorine gas, except that the chlorine is in a more dilute form. This actually can help provide better dispersion of the chlorine in the system, preventing uneven oxidation. For the record, industrial grade NaOCl has a specific gravity of 1.2, usually contains about 12.5% Cl₂ content by the time you get it. It degrades with time and temperature, which means it actually contains about 1.0 pound of free available chlorine per gallon.

Calcium hypochlorite (usually comes as a 70% solid) could also be used, but a makeup tank will be required to put it into solution prior to application and it tends to leave a calcium carbonate precipitate that will need to be removed from the feed tank. Also, store Ca(OCl)₂ (also known as HTH) in a separate, dry area as it can react with any organic (in particular oily rags) causing spontaneous ignition (fire).

When using chlorine, remember that it aggressively reacts with ammonia (NH3-N) and/or sulfides such as H₂S in water, which can increase the required dosage rates. Chlorine also reacts with many other impurities in wastewater such as amino acids (the enzymes and protein of the bacteria), carbonaceous matter (influent BOD), phenols, Fe⁺², Mn⁺², SO₂, peroxides, sulfites, or cyanide (CN^-) so don’t feed to the raw influent. The best place to feed is directly into the RAS line. Better contact is made with the filaments and less dilution from the influent takes place, so chemical costs can be cut.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) can also be used, however, results can be spotty as less is known about the mechanism in which it works. Some reports, however, claim that it can have an advantage over chlorine when low dissolved oxygen is the stress, as the byproduct of this reaction is O₂. As with chlorine, peroxide will react with other impurities in the wastewater.

Ozonation is another method. In South Africa, ozonation of activated sludge was studied for bulking control, with excellent results.

If the cause of the bulking is non-filamentous - Do NOT chlorinate, as this will make the problem worse. For non-filamentous bulking, correct the stress and use a polymer to aid in holding the sludge in the clarifier (polymers will only aid in the initial settling rate, but they don’t aid in compaction). Usually we are talking about using a coagulant, as a flocculant can tend to hold in too much gas, which might cause the sludge blanket to rise to the clarifier surface. Typically if is it due to zooglea or nutrient deficiency, adding nutrients directly to the aeration basin, sludge holding tank and clarifier simultaneously can clear up the problem in hours. Make sure if excessive, that mixing occurs. Slime bulking can be easy to get rid of if it is due to nutrient deficiency and enough nutrients are added. Many cases, plants tend to be overcautious and do not add enough nutrients. Be sure to add enough to solve the problem, but not cause excess nutrients to go out with the final effluent.

One last thought - if treating for filamentous bulking, it is not recommended to use a biocide, as they are all too persistent and will cause more harm to the floc forming bacteria than is desired. This comes up quite often, since many plants may be using a biocide to treat the cooling towers or in the manufacturing process and figure that since it is on hand, it will work.

Odor control is a big problem for many plants in the summer. Due to the increase in biological activity, more oxygen is required. Many times there are dead spots in a system or plant, such as corners, primary clarifiers, sludge holding tanks, scum pits, lift stations, etc. The increase in biological activity can deplete any oxygen available. Anoxic or anaerobic activity will then start to increase causing malodors to increase with the gasses generated.

Making sure that your system does not have dead spots, changing flow patterns, wasting more often, or increasing mixing can help. Sometimes additions of chemicals such as sodium nitrate are used where mechanical mixing is not possible. This will chemically prevent the formation of some sulfur compounds and biologically give the bacteria an alternate oxygen source, thus alleviating some of the odor causing problems. Remember bacteria will first go for free oxygen, then nitrates, then sulfates. If there is no oxygen, addition of nitrate is a safe alternative that can help avoid some odor problems. See our odor control sheet. Different products and programs are available for various applications and situations. Not all areas need the same method of correction.

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